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海关总署


中华人民共和国海关对保税仓库及所存货物的管理办法(附英文)

1988年4月14日，海关总署

第一条 为了适应对外经济贸易的发展，便利生产、仓储、运输，促进社会主义现代化建设，根据《中华人民共和国海关法》，特制定本办法。
第二条 保税仓库限于存放供来料加工、进料加工复出口的货物，或者暂时存放后再复运出口的货物以及经海关批准缓办纳税手续进境的货物。一般贸易进口货物不允许存入保税仓库。
第三条 保税仓库应具有专门储存、堆放进口货物的安全设施；建立健全的仓储管理制度和详细的仓库帐册；配备经海关培训认可的专职管理人员。保税仓库的经理人应具备向海关缴纳税款的能力。
建立保税仓库应由其经理人持工商行政管理部门颁发的营业执照，填写《保税仓库申请书》，并按规定交验经贸主管部门批准经营有关业务的批件，向海关提出申请，经海关审核并派员实地调查后颁发《保税仓库登记证书》。
第四条 保税仓库对所存的货物，应有专人负责，并于每月的前五天内将上月转存货物的收、付、存等情况列表报送当地海关核查。
保税仓库中不得对所存货物进行加工。如需改变包装、加刷唛码，必须在海关监管下进行。
海关认为必要时，可以会同保税仓库经理人双方共同加锁。海关可以随时派员进入仓库检查货物的储存情况和有关帐册，必要时可派员驻库监管。保税仓库经理人应当为海关提供办公场所和必要的方便条件。
保税仓库经理人应按章交纳监管手续费。
第五条 保税货物在保税仓库所在地海关入境时，货主或其代理人应当填写进口货物报关单一式三份，加盖“保税仓库货物”印章并注明此货物系存入某保税仓库，向海关申报，经海关查验放行后，一份由海关留存、二份随货带交保税仓库。保税仓库经理人应于货物入库后即在上述报关单上签收，一份留存、一份交回海关存查。
货主在保税仓库所在地以外的其他口岸进口货物，应按海关对转关运输货物的规定办理转关运输手续。货物运抵后再按本条第一款的规定办理入库手续。
第六条 保税货物经海关核准转为进入国内市场销售时，由货主或其代理人向海关递交进口货物许可证件、进口货物报关单和海关需要的其他单证并交纳关税和产品（增值）税或工商统一税后，由海关签印放行，将原进口货物报关单注销。
对用于中、外国际航行船舶的保税油料和零备件，以及用于在保修期限内免费维修有关外国产品的保税零备件，免征关税和产品（增值）税或工商统一税。
第七条 对从来料加工、进料加工备料保税仓库提取的货物，货主应事先持批准文件、合同等有关单证向海关办理备案登记手续，并填写来料加工、进料加工专用报关单和《保税仓库领料核准单》一式三份，一份由批准海关备存，一份由领料人留存，一份由海关签盖放行章后交货主。
仓库经理人凭海关签印的领料核准单交付有关货物并凭以向海关办理核销手续。
对提取用于来料加工、进料加工的进口货物，海关按来料加工、进料加工的规定进行管理并按实际加工出口情况确定免税或补税。
第八条 保税货物复运出口时，货主或其代理人应当填写出口货物报关单一式三份并交验进口时由海关签印的报关单，向当地海关办理复运出口手续。经海关核查与实货相符合签印，一份留存，一份发还，一份随货带交出境地海关凭以放行货物出境。
第九条 保税仓库进口供自己使用的货架、办公用品、管理用具、运输车辆，搬动、起重和包装设备以及改装用的机器等，不论是价购的或外商无价提供的，应按规定交纳关税和产品（增值）税或工商统一税。
第十条 保税仓库所存货物储存期限为一年。如因特殊情况可向海关申请延期，但延期最长不得超过一年。保税货物储存期满仍未转为进口也不复运出境的，由海关将货物变卖，所得价款比照《中华人民共和国海关法》第二十一条的规定处理。
第十一条 保税仓库所存货物在储存期间发生短少，除由于不可抗力的原因者外，其短少部分应当由保税仓库经理人承担交纳税款的责任，并由海关按有关规定进行处理。
第十二条 保税仓库经理人如有违反本办法规定的行为或走私行为，由海关按《中华人民共和国海关法》和有关规定进行处理。
第十三条 本办法自一九八八年五月一日起实施。

Administrative Rules of the Customs of the People's Republic ofChina Concerning the Bonded Warehouse and Goods

(Promulgated by the General Administration of Customs of thePeople's Republic of China on April 16, 1988)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The present rules are hereby formulated in order to meet the
development of foreign economic relations and trade, and facilitate
production, storage and transportation and promote the construction of
socialist modernization in accordance with the Customs Law of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
The bonded warehouse is confined to store goods of processing
imported materials and buyer-supplied materials for re-export, or goods of
temporary storage for re-export, and goods permitted by the Customs to
enter the territory and suspend the formality of import duty. Other
imported goods for general trade shall not be allowed to be stored in the
bonded warehouse.
Article 3
The bonded warehouse shall have special security facilities for
storing and piling up the imported goods; shall establish complete
warehouse management system and detailed warehouse account books; shall
provide full-time management personnel trained and approved by the
Customs. The operator of the warehouse shall have ability to pay tax to
the Customs.
When setting up a bonded warehouse, the operator shall fill in the
"Application for Bonded Warehouse Form" with the business license issued
by the administrative bureau for industry and commerce, and shall submit
the document of approval permitting to conduct the relevant businesses
issued by the competent authority of foreign economic relations and trade,
and apply to the Customs. After the on-the-spot investigation and
examination by the Customs, the "Registration Certificate of Bonded
Warehouse" shall be issued.
Article 4
The bonded warehouse shall have full-time personnel in charge of the
storage of the goods, and shall list receipt, delivery and storage of the
stored goods of last month into forms and report them within the first 5
days of each month to the Customs for verification.
The stored goods shall not be processed in the bonded warehouse. If
it is necessary to change the packages or print shipping marks, it shall
be conducted under the Custom's supervision and control.
Considering necessary, the Customs may add locks jointly with the
operator of the bonded warehouse. The Customs may at any time send its
officer into the warehouse to check the storage and relevant account books
of the goods, if necessary, the Customs may send its officer to station in
the warehouse for supervision and control. The operator of the bonded
warehouse shall offer office and necessary convenience for the Customs.
The operator of the bonded warehouse shall pay the fees of the
supervision and control in according to regulations.
Article 5
When the bonded goods enter into the territory through the Customs at
which the bonded warehouse is located, the owner or his agent shall fill
in declaration for imported goods intriplicate, and affix "Goods of Bonded
Warehouse and state the goods will be stored in the specific bonded
warehouse and declare to the Customs. After examination and release by the
Customs, one copy shall be kept for the Customs' record, and other two
copies shall be handed over to the bonded warehouse with the goods. The
operator of the bonded warehouse shall at once sign the declaration after
the receipt of the goods. One copy of the declaration shall be kept for
record, and another copy shall be handed back to the Customs for record.
If the owner imports goods at a port at which the warehouse is not
locate, the owner shall go through the formalities of transportation
between deferent Customs according to the provisions of the Customs. When
the goods arrive at the destination, the owner shall go through the
formality of storage according to the provisions stipulated in Paragraph
One of this Article.
Article 6
When the bonded goods enter the domestic market for sale upon
verification and permission by the Customs, the owner of the goods or his
agent shall submit the licenses of imported goods, the declaration for
imported goods and other necessary documents to the Customs and pay the
customs duty, product (value added) tax and consolidated industrial and
commercial tax, and then the Customs shall release the goods with stamps
on the documents, and shall nullify the original declaration for imported
goods.
The bonded fuel and spare parts used by Chinese or foreign vessels on
international routes and the bonded spare parts used for maintaining
relevant foreign products free of charge relevant foreign products during
the garantee period shall be exempted from the Customs duty, the product
(value added) tax and the consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 7
When the owner wants to take delivery of the goods from the bonded
warehouse of processing import materials and buyer-supplied materials, the
owner shall beforehand go through the Customs formalities of registration
on file with the document of approval contract and relevant documents and
fill in the special declaration for processing imported materials and
buyer-supplied materials the "Release Certificate of the Materials of
Bonded Warehouse" in triplicate. One copy of the release certificate shall
be kept by the approving Customs on file, one copy shall be kept by the
person who draws the materials for records, and one copy shall be sent
over to the owner of the goods with the Customs' stamp of release. The
operator of the warehouse shall deliver the relevant goods based on the
Release Certificate of the Materials with the Customs' stamp on it, and by
it go through the procedure of conciliation to the Customs.
For drawing the imported materials used for processing imported
materials and buyer-supplied materials, the Customs shall administrate
them according to the regulations concerning processing imported materials
and buyer-supplied materials, and decide tax exemption or collection
according to actuarial facts of processing and export.
Article 8
When bonded goods are re-exported, the owner of the goods or his
agent shall fill in the declaration for exported goods in triplicate and
submit the declaration with the Customs' stamp obtained when the goods
were imported for examination, and then go through the Customs formalities
of re-export. After the documents have been examined by the Customs to
tally with the goods, the Customs shall affix on the declaration for
exported goods. One copy of the declaration shall be kept on file, one
copy shall be handed back, and one copy shall be brought with the goods to
the Customs where the goods leave the territory. By it the Customs will
release the goods out of the territory.
Article 9
The goods shelves, office stationery, equipment for management,
transport vehicles, equipment for moving, lifting and packaging and
machines for refitting imported for self-use of the bonded warehouse shall
be collected the Customs duties, the product (value added) tax and the
consolidated industrial and commercial tax according to the regulations,
no matter the equipment were purchased at price or offered free of charge
by foreign businessmen.
Article 10
The duration of the goods stored in the bonded warehouse is one year.
The extension of duration may be applied to the Customs because of special
situations, but the extension shall not exceed one year. The bonded goods
which have not been imported nor re-transported out of the territory after
the duration, shall be sold off by the Customs. The earnings gained from
the sale shall be handled according to the provisions of Article 21 of the
Customs Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
If the goods stored in the bonded warehouse happen to be missing in
the duration, the operator of the bonded warehouse shall take the
liability to pay the taxes for the shortage unless it is due to force
majeure. And the matter shall be dealt with by the Customs according to
relevant regulations.
Article 12
If the operator of the bonded warehouse violates the present rules or
undertakes smuggling, the Customs shall handle the case in accordance with
the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China and the relevant
regulations.
Article 13
These present Rules shall enter into force on May 1, 1988.


　　　　　　　　　　　　诉讼时效制度之死

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——论超过诉讼时效债权的再救济(全面修订版）


作者：余秀才[[1]]


摘要

义务人提出诉讼时效问题以抗辩且拒绝调解，导致法院驳回权利人诉讼请求，从此，使义务人可无限期占有、使用涉案财产权并获得收益，故义务人拒调时效抗辩之行为，侵犯了权利人的财产所有权，构成不当得利，涉嫌侵占。针对之，应赋予权利人再起诉之救济权利。

关键词

诉讼时效抗辩、拒绝调解、拒调时效抗辩、提醒权

引言

因我国未规定时效消灭实体权利之制度，故法院判决驳回权利人诉讼请求后，权利人虽败诉却永远是财产权所有者，义务人虽永远无法取得财产所有权，却可无限期占有、使用该财产并获取收益。诉讼时效制度除了能为国家及法院推卸责任找到一个冠冕堂皇的借口外，还剩什么？改革开放三十年来，常常会听到有人在大声疾呼中国人的诚信每况愈下，却从未有人追根溯源地注意到诉讼时效制度的问题，此制度虽算不上是罪魁祸首，但至少难辞其咎。

笔者作为基层法院第一线的法律工作者，睹大量权利人败诉后欲哭无泪、求助无门之情形，同情心油然而生，维护社会公平的正义感迫使笔者去思考如何更好、更有效地维护权利人的利益，在现有的法律框架下为权利人寻找到一条再救济的途径。

一、我国诉讼时效制度的现状、缺陷、影响

（一）诉讼时效制度概说

时效制度起源于罗马法，《十二铜表法》就有这样的规定：“凡要式转移物没按规定方式转让的，受让人继续占有不动产两年，动产一年而取得所有权”，这是对取得时效的最早规定，之后又确定了消灭时效[[2]]。1922年苏俄民法典扬弃了资本主义国家民法中关于时效制度的规定，将传统上的“消灭时效”进行修改，首创“诉讼时效”制度[[3]]。“中国《民法通则》受苏联民法理论影响，未采时效取得制度，其主要理由在于，立法者认为取得时效承认非所有权人可以基于占有取得他人所有权，从而与社会主义国家提倡的拾金不昧、公物还家的传统美德不符。”[4]故无论经过多长时间，物的占有者均不应取得所有权，义务人均不应免除偿还义务。在此观念影响下，我国民法通则亦未采纳时效取得制度，仅规定诉讼时效制度。

（二）诉讼时效制度的众多缺陷

1、举证责任分配上属过错推定。诉讼时效制度系基于民事权利可抛弃之假设而设立，即权利人在一定期限内不主张，则推定放弃。这种推定是建立在权利人举证不能则推定权利人“怠于”行使权利基础之上的。依照“谁主张谁举证”的原则，立法是否也应当对这种推定举证呢？建立诉讼时效制度的内因是“法律不保护懒惰者”，但你凭什么说人家是“懒惰者”、是“怠于”？

可见，诉讼时效制度对权利人适用的是“主观上存在怠于”的过错推定原则。而现实中权利人表示非“怠于”的意思表示方式复杂多样，电话、传真、短信、电子邮件、腾讯QQ、上门追索等，却几乎无法举证。实务中，大量超过诉讼时效的案件，均非权利人怠于行使权利所致，乃证据不足而败诉。即权利人更多的非“怠于”之故意，而是“无知”之过失。

2、维持既定法律秩序系伪命题。王利民、王轶等民法界专家均认为诉讼时效制度具有“维持既定法律秩序”之功能[[5]]。但依现有制度，实体权利永不消灭，法院虽驳回权利人诉请，但权利人仍可无限期、无限次地向义务人追讨，“维持既定法律秩序”之功能从何谈起？

3、义务人胜诉却不能免除偿还责任。社会上通行的理解是，权利人败诉后，义务人可不再履行，王利民甚至认为仅超过诉讼时效，义务人就“产生拒绝履行的抗辩权”[[6]]，笔者认为，该理解值得商榷。从实务中看，任何一份判决书都只会说“权利人的债权已超过诉讼时效，不受法院保护，故依法驳回其诉讼请求”，而从不会说“义务人欠债不还的行为因超过诉讼时效而变为合法，从而无需偿还”。可见，任一法院判决，均仅审查了权利人的财产权是否受法院保护的问题，而不会去审查义务人欠债不还的行为是否合法，此亦不告不理之原则所致。从法条看，法律只限制了权利人的胜诉权，未赋予义务人权利，更未免除义务，免责事由需法定，“可不再偿还”相当于时效取得，更需法定。

4、受宪法、法律保护却不受法院保护。其实，自2004年第二十二条宪法修正案“公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯。国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产权和继承权。”之规定出台后，现行诉讼时效制度就已涉嫌违宪——民法通则第一百三十五条规定的是“向人民法院”请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为二年，第一百三十七条规定的是超过二十年诉讼时效的“人民法院不予保护”，而非请求法律保护或法律不予保护。法院保护仅为法律保护之一，而非唯一。然法院乃社会公正之最后防线，法院不保护，何谈国家保护？难道告诉权利人：“你的债权受法律保护，大胆地去向义务人要去吧……”能否？行否？

5、法条之间自相矛盾

诉讼时效的有关规定与民法通则第五十八条第一款“下列民事行为无效：（七）以合法形式掩盖非法目的的；”之规定相矛盾，义务人提出诉讼时效以抗辩，并请求法院驳回权利人诉请时，如权利人主张义务人看似合法的“提出诉讼时效的行为”，掩盖的是其“不想再偿还”的非法目的，从而请求法院认定该行为无效，依然判决支持其诉请时，法院该怎么办？我们会发现无论判决支持哪方，都可能违法[7]。

6、将纠纷推之于法院门外。因权利人实体权利永不消灭，无法实现维护既定法律秩序稳定的作用，使财产权长期处于不确定状态，且不仅在时效期限内存在，超过时效后亦存在，甚至在法院驳回权利人诉请后仍存在，为社会不稳定埋下祸端。正如学者马俊驹、余延满所说：“人民法院无法律依据对争议的产权归属问题作最终裁决，而只能判决驳回权利人的诉讼请求，这无异于将矛盾推之于法院门外，这可能使矛盾激化，不利于维护正常的社会、经济秩序”[8]。

（三）诉讼时效制度的消极影响

1、宏观方面的影响。